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Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [1][2][3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...
Corporate finance. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are business transactions in which the ownership of companies, business organizations, or their operating units are transferred to or consolidated with another company or business organization. This could happen through direct absorption, a merger, a tender offer or a hostile takeover. [1]
The vast majority of significant competition issues associated with mergers arises in horizontal mergers. [1] A horizontal merger is one between parties that are competitors at the same level of production and/or distribution of a good or service, i.e., in the same relevant market. [2] There are two types of anticompetitive effects associated ...
Chart of U.S. bank mergers. This 2012 chart shows some of the mergers noted above. Solid arrows point from the acquiring bank to the acquired one. The lines are labeled with the year of the deal and color-coded from blue (older) to red (newer). Dotted arrows point to the final merged entity.
Conglomerate merger. A conglomerate merger is "any merger that is not horizontal or vertical; in general, it is the combination of firms in different industries or firms operating in different geographic areas". Conglomerate mergers can serve various purposes, including extending corporate territories and extending a product range.
For example, Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merged to become GlaxoSmithKline in 2000. [11] is a typical example of horizontal merger in that they operate in the same markets. Horizontal mergers have two kinds of effects: unilateral and coordinated. The unilateral effect arises as the competition between the merging companies is eliminated.
The Williamson tradeoff model is a theoretical model in the economics of industrial organization which emphasizes the tradeoff associated with horizontal mergers between gains resulting from lower costs of production and the losses associated with higher prices due to greater degree of monopoly power. [1]
Between 1990 and 2005 there were a number of media corporate mergers and takeovers in Canada. For example, in 1990, 17.3% of daily newspapers were independently owned; whereas in 2005, 1% were. [34] These changes, among others, caused the Senate Standing Committee on Transport and Communications to launch a study of Canadian news media in March ...