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Plant-animal interactions are important pathways for the transfer of energy within ecosystems, where both advantageous and unfavorable interactions support ecosystem health. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Plant-animal interactions can take on important ecological functions and manifest in a variety of combinations of favorable and unfavorable associations, for ...
Intermediate minor rankings are not shown. In biology, a kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla (singular phylum). Traditionally, some textbooks from the United States and Canada used a system of six kingdoms ( Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea ...
Animals in the water column are almost entirely dependent on primary production from living phytoplankton, while animals on the ocean floor always or sometimes feed on detritus. [34] Coccolithophorids and mollusks (including ammonites , rudists , freshwater snails , and mussels ), and those organisms whose food chain included these shell ...
Mutualism (biology) Hummingbird hawkmoth drinking from Dianthus, with pollination being a classic example of mutualism. Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. [ 1] Mutualism is a common type of ecological interaction.
Plant taxonomy. Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. It is one of the main branches of taxonomy (the science that finds, describes, classifies, and names living things). Plant taxonomy is closely allied to plant systematics, and there is no sharp boundary between the two.
The illegal wildlife trade is the illegal trading of plants and wildlife. This illegal trading is worth an estimate of 7-23 billion [30] and an annual trade of around 100 million plants and animals. [31] In 2021 it was found that this trade has caused a 60% decline in species abundance, and 80% for endangered species. [31]
In addition, the presence of alkaloids in the plant prevents insects and chordate animals from eating it. However, some animals are adapted to alkaloids and even use them in their own metabolism. [201] Such alkaloid-related substances as serotonin, dopamine and histamine are important neurotransmitters in animals.
Selenium, which is an essential element for animals and prokaryotes and is a beneficial element for many plants, is the least-common of all the elements essential to life. [ 3 ] [ 61 ] Selenium acts as the catalytic center of several antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase , [ 10 ] and plays a wide variety of other biological roles .