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Ion channels are located within the membrane of all excitable cells, [ 3] and of many intracellular organelles. They are often described as narrow, water-filled tunnels that allow only ions of a certain size and/or charge to pass through. This characteristic is called selective permeability.
Channelopathies are a group of diseases caused by the dysfunction of ion channel subunits or their interacting proteins. These diseases can be inherited or acquired by other disorders, drugs, or toxins. Mutations in genes encoding ion channels, which impair channel function, are the most common cause of channelopathies. [ 1]
Gating (electrophysiology) An animated representation of the molecular structure of a simple ion channel. In electrophysiology, the term gating refers to the opening ( activation) or closing (by deactivation or inactivation) of ion channels. [ 1] This change in conformation is a response to changes in transmembrane voltage.
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Ion channels are a type of transmembrane channel responsible for the passive transport of positively charged ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen and magnesium) and negatively charged ions (chloride) and, can be either gated or ligand-gated channels. One of the best studied ion channels is the potassium ion channel. The potassium ion ...
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Voltage-gated sodium channels ( VGSCs ), also known as voltage-dependent sodium channels ( VDSCs ), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the membrane of excitable cells ( e.g., muscle, glial cells, neurons, etc.) with a permeability to the sodium ion Na +. They are the main channels involved in action potential of excitable cells.
Voltage-gated proton channel. Voltage-gated proton channels are ion channels that have the unique property of opening with depolarization, but in a strongly pH -sensitive manner. [1] The result is that these channels open only when the electrochemical gradient is outward, such that their opening will only allow protons to leave cells.