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Pitirim Sorokin defines horizontal mobility as a change in religious, regional, political, or other horizontal shifts without any change in vertical position. [ 2] According to Andrew W. Lind, horizontal mobility occurs when a person changes their profession, but their social status remains unchanged. Eg. if a doctor switches from a job in ...
Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT) or lateral gene transfer ( LGT) [ 1][ 2][ 3] is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring ( reproduction ). [ 4] HGT is an important factor in the evolution of many organisms. [ 5][ 6] HGT is influencing scientific understanding ...
Mobilities. Mobilities is a contemporary paradigm in the social sciences that explores the movement of people ( human migration, individual mobility, travel, transport ), ideas (see e.g. meme) and things (transport), as well as the broader social implications of those movements. Mobility can also be thought as the movement of people through ...
Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...
Horizontal transfer of mitochondria is the movement of whole mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA between cells. Mitochondria from donor cells are transported and incorporated into the endogenous mitochondrial network of recipient cells contributing to changes in the bioenergetics profile and in other functional properties of recipient cells. [1]
Horizontal gene transfer ( HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between distant branches on the tree of life. In evolution, it can scramble the information needed to reconstruct the phylogeny of organisms, how they are related to one another. HGT can also help scientists to reconstruct and date the tree of life, as a gene transfer can be used ...
The phrase horizontal evolution is used in evolutionary biology to refer to: Concerted evolution, whereby individual members of a DNA family within one species are more closely related to each other than to members of the same type of DNA family in other species; [1] Horizontal gene transfer, where genes are transferred from one organism to ...
Horizontal escalation is a direct contrast to vertical escalation which employs types of weapons not previously used in the conflict. That type of escalation also allows attacking new types of targets in order to have an upper hand to the other combatant. [1] During the Cold War, the risks associated with using escalation were much broader and ...