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Profound abnormalities detected with visual field and multifocal electroretinography testing can be observed in the presence of a normal retinal appearance. Retinal examinations are advised for documentation, but visible bull's-eye maculopathy is a late change, [6] and the goal of screening is to recognize toxicity at an earlier stage. Annual ...
Subjective measurement of blind spot enlargement is done using visual field testing. [4] In the early stages, using FFA peripapillary hyperfluorescence may be observed. [ 4 ] Since OCT can be used to observe the microstructural alterations in the outer retina, it is the gold standard in diagnosing AIBSES.
However, it may definitely be related to other diseases included in the white dot syndrome group. Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy occurs in young to middle age adults and may eventually progress to retinal cell death. Symptoms include acute visual field loss and photopsias. Suspected causes include autoimmune, viral, and fungal. [2] [5]
The visual pathway consists of structures that carry visual information from the retina to the brain.Lesions in that pathway cause a variety of visual field defects. In the visual system of human eye, the visual information processed by retinal photoreceptor cells travel in the following way:
Visual acuity with Near chart without correctors Visual acuity with eye chart at Near 15.7 inches (400 mm) and without (sc: Latin sine correctore) correctors (spectacles); Ncc is with (cc: Latin cum correctore) correctors. See Visual_acuity#Legal_definitions: VA OS Left visual acuity VA OD Right visual acuity VDU Visual display unit VF Visual field
Central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with corrective glasses or central visual acuity of more than 20/200 if there is a visual field defect in which the peripheral field is contracted to such an extent that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees in the better eye. [22]
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC or CSCR), also known as central serous retinopathy (CSR), is an eye disease that causes visual impairment, often temporary, usually in one eye. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] When the disorder is active it is characterized by leakage of fluid under the retina that has a propensity to accumulate under the central macula.
The visual field is "that portion of space in which objects are visible at the same moment during steady fixation of the gaze in one direction"; [1] in ophthalmology and neurology the emphasis is mostly on the structure inside the visual field and it is then considered “the field of functional capacity obtained and recorded by means of perimetry”.