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A simple opisometer consists of a toothed wheel of known circumference on a handle. The wheel is placed in contact with the curved line to be measured and run along its length. By counting the number of teeth passing a mark on the handle while this is done, the length of the line can be ascertained:
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
Free body diagram of a ball floating on water. The principles of buoyancy were known in classical antiquity. Before 3000 BC – Civilization starts by settling around rivers, coast and lakes. 3000 BC – Irrigation techniques develop in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. [1] Indus Valley Civilisation develops city-wide drainage systems and toilet ...
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A hydrologic model is a simplification of a real-world system (e.g., surface water, soil water, wetland, groundwater, estuary) that aids in understanding, predicting, and managing water resources. Both the flow and quality of water are commonly studied using hydrologic models.
A typical water quality model consists of a collection of formulations representing physical mechanisms that determine position and momentum of pollutants in a water body. [4] Models are available for individual components of the hydrological system such as surface runoff ; [ 5 ] there also exist basin wide models addressing hydrologic ...
Fluid balance is an aspect of the homeostasis of organisms in which the amount of water in the organism needs to be controlled, via osmoregulation and behavior, such that the concentrations of electrolytes (salts in solution) in the various body fluids are kept within healthy ranges.
The "bound water" model is refuted by the fact that osmosis is independent of the size of the solute molecules—a colligative property [14] —or how hydrophilic they are. It is difficult to describe osmosis without a mechanical or thermodynamic explanation, but essentially there is an interaction between the solute and water that counteracts ...