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Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), also known as obliterative bronchiolitis, constrictive bronchiolitis and popcorn lung, is a disease that results in obstruction of the smallest airways of the lungs (bronchioles) due to inflammation. [1] [6] Symptoms include a dry cough, shortness of breath, wheezing and feeling tired. [1]
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), formerly known as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), is an inflammation of the bronchioles (bronchiolitis) and surrounding tissue in the lungs. [2] [3] It is a form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. [4]
About 10% to 30% of children under the age of two years are affected by bronchiolitis at some point in time. [1] [2] It commonly occurs in the winter season in the Northern Hemisphere. [1] It is the leading cause of hospitalizations in those less than one year of age in the United States.
It typically occurs in males and females over the age of 35–40. [1] [3] In 2019 it caused 3.2 million deaths, 80% occurring in lower and middle income countries, [3] up from 2.4 million deaths in 1990. [24] [25] In 2021, it was the fourth biggest cause of death, responsible for approximately 5% of total deaths. [26]
Swyer–James syndrome (SJS), also called Swyer–James–MacLeod syndrome, is a rare disease of the lungs, characterized by a small lung or part of lung. [1] Typical symptoms are of recurrent respiratory tract infections , but some have no symptoms.
It is unclear if rapid viral testing in the emergency department for children with acute febrile respiratory infections reduces the rates of antibiotic use, blood testing, or urine testing. [11] The relative risk reduction of chest x-ray utilization in children screened with rapid viral testing is 77% compared with controls. [ 11 ]
[13] [15] Pneumonia is also the leading cause of death in children less than five years of age in low income countries. [15] The most common cause of pneumonia is pneumococcal bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae accounts for 2/3 of bacteremic pneumonias. [16] Invasive pneumococcal pneumonia has a mortality rate of around 20%. [14]
Respiratory bronchiolitis is a lung disease associated with tobacco smoking. [1] In pathology, it is defined by the presence of " smoker's macrophages ". [ 1 ] When manifesting significant clinical symptoms it is referred to as respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD).