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  2. Cardiac reserve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_reserve

    Cardiac reserve refers to the difference between the rates at which the heart pumps blood - at any given time versus its maximum capacity. A measurement of the cardiac reserve may be a health indicator for some medical conditions. Cardiac reserve may be 4-5 times greater than a resting value for a healthy person.

  3. Heart rate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate

    The Karvonen method factors in resting heart rate (HR rest) to calculate target heart rate (THR), using a range of 50–85% intensity: [54] THR = ((HR max − HR rest) × % intensity) + HR rest. Equivalently, THR = (HR reserve × % intensity) + HR rest. Example for someone with a HR max of 180 and a HR rest of 70 (and therefore a HR reserve of ...

  4. Bruce protocol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol

    [citation needed] The heart rate formula most often used for the Bruce is the Karvonen formula (below). A more accurate formula, offered in a study published in the journal, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, is 206.9 - (0.67 x age) which can also be used to more accurately determine VO2 Max, but may produce significantly different results.

  5. Rate pressure product - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_pressure_product

    The calculation formula is: Rate Pressure Product (RPP) = Heart Rate (HR) * Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) The units for the Heart Rate are beats per minute and for the Blood Pressure mmHg . Rate pressure product is a measure of the stress put on the cardiac muscle based on the number of times it needs to beat per minute (HR) and the arterial ...

  6. Cardiac output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output

    Major factors influencing cardiac output – heart rate and stroke volume, both of which are variable. [1]In cardiac physiology, cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output and often denoted by the symbols , ˙, or ˙, [2] is the volumetric flow rate of the heart's pumping output: that is, the volume of blood being pumped by a single ventricle of the heart, per unit time (usually measured ...

  7. Cardiac physiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_physiology

    The resting heart rate of a newborn can be 120 beats per minute (bpm) and this gradually decreases until maturity and then gradually increases again with age. The adult resting heart rate ranges from 60 to 100 bpm. Exercise and fitness levels, age and basal metabolic rate can all affect the heart rate. An athlete's heart rate can be lower than ...

  8. Pressure–volume loop analysis in cardiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure–volume_loop...

    “The heart will pump what it receives”- Starling’s law of the heart. The Frank–Starling mechanism describes the ability of the heart to change its force of contraction (and, hence, stroke volume) in response to changes in venous return. In other words, if the end-diastolic volume increases, there is a corresponding increase in stroke ...

  9. Heart rate variability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate_variability

    Heart rate variability visualized with R-R interval changes Electrocardiogram (ECG) recording of a canine heart that illustrates beat-to-beat variability in R–R interval (top) and heart rate (bottom). Heart rate variability (HRV) is the physiological phenomenon of variation in the time interval between heartbeats. It is measured by the ...