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Public economics (or economics of the public sector) is the study of government policy through the lens of economic efficiency and equity. Public economics builds on the theory of welfare economics and is ultimately used as a tool to improve social welfare. Welfare can be defined in terms of well-being, prosperity, and overall state of being.
Basic situation: Two identical countries (A and B) have different initial factor endowments. Autarky equilibrium (,): no trade, individual production equals consumption.. Trade equilibrium: both countries consume the same (=), especially beyond their own Production–possibility frontier; production and consumption points are diverge
In modern economics, creative destruction is one of the central concepts in the endogenous growth theory. [14] In Why Nations Fail , a popular book on long-term economic development, Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson argue the major reason countries stagnate and go into decline is the willingness of the ruling elites to block creative ...
Neomercantilism is considered the oldest school of thought in international political economy (IPE). [2] It is rooted in mercantilism, a preindustrial doctrine, and gained ground during the Industrial Revolution. [2] It is also considered the IPE counterpart of realism in the sense that both hold that power is central in global relations. [2]
In economics, the concept of returns to scale arises in the context of a firm's production function.It explains the long-run linkage of increase in output (production) relative to associated increases in the inputs (factors of production).
Managerial economics aims to provide the tools and techniques to make informed decisions to maximize the profits and minimize the losses of a firm. [4] Managerial economics has use in many different business applications, although the most common focus areas are related to the risk, pricing, production and capital decisions a manager makes. [31]
For example, in public finance the Robinson Crusoe economy is used to study the various types of public goods and certain aspects of collective benefits. [2] It is used in growth economics to develop growth models for underdeveloped or developing countries to embark upon a steady growth path using techniques of savings and investment.
The accelerator effect in economics is a positive effect on private fixed investment of the growth of the market economy (measured e.g. by a change in gross domestic product (GDP)). Rising GDP (an economic boom or prosperity) implies that businesses in general see rising profits, increased sales and cash flow, and greater use of existing capacity.