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non-binary [8] [5] can be defined as "does not subscribe to the gender binary but identifies with neither, both, or beyond male and female". [19] The term may be used as "an umbrella term, encompassing several gender identities, including intergender, agender, xenogender, genderfluid, and demigender."
According to a study in the UK, women with stereotypically masculine personality traits are more likely to gain access to high-paying occupations than women with feminine personality traits. [101] According to another study conducted in Germany, women who fit the stereotypical masculine gender role are generally more successful in their careers ...
The original list of 200 traits was narrowed down to the 40 masculine and feminine traits that appear on the present test. [6] Normative data was found from a 1973 sample for 444 males and 279 females and a 1978 sample of 340 females and 476 males all also from Stanford University undergraduates.
Although a person's sex as male or female stands as a biological fact that is identical in any culture, what that specific sex means in reference to a person's gender role as a man or a woman in society varies cross-culturally according to what things are considered to be masculine or feminine. [63]
Sandra Ruth Lipsitz Bem (June 22, 1944 – May 20, 2014) was an American psychologist known for her works in androgyny and gender studies.Her pioneering work on gender roles, gender polarization [1] [2] and gender stereotypes led directly to more equal employment opportunities for women in the United States.
In men and boys, typical or masculine gender expression is often described as manly, while atypical or feminine expression is known as effeminate. [14] In girls and young women, atypically masculine expression is called tomboyish. In lesbian and queer women, masculine and feminine expressions are known as butch and femme respectively.
Cross-sex-typed individuals process and integrate information that is in line with the opposite gender. Their femininity and masculinity scores are reversed - below the median on the sex-congruent scale and above the median on the sex-incongruent scale. Androgynous individuals process and integrate traits and information from both genders.
Male traits are seen as the default, and stereotypical male traits are seen as more highly valued. [ 46 ] [ 48 ] Men are considered the standard of comparison when comparing gender differences, with feminine traits viewed as a deviation from the norm and a deficiency on the part of women. [ 48 ]