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Natural topsoil is mined and conditioned for human use and makes up the bulk of commercial topsoil available. The current rate of use and erosion outpaces soil generation. [4] It is possible to create artificial topsoil which supports some of the engineering or biological uses of topsoil. [4]
Currently used in residential and commercial air-conditioners and heat pumps. R-134a HFC-134a CH 2 FCF 3: 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane: 3790 1550 Widely used Most used in 2020 for hydronic heat pumps in Europe and the United States in spite of high GWP. [58] Commonly used in automotive air conditioners prior to phase out which began in 2012. R-410A
Carbon dioxide sees extensive use in large-scale refrigeration systems, sometimes via a cascade refrigeration system. [16] It is also used sparingly in automotive refrigeration, [20] and is seen as favorable for uses in domestic, commercial and industrial refrigeration and air conditioning systems. [1]
Phytoremediation technologies use living plants to clean up soil, air and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants. [1] It is defined as "the use of green plants and the associated microorganisms, along with proper soil amendments and agronomic techniques to either contain, remove or render toxic environmental contaminants harmless". [2]
One of these compounds, HFC-134a, were used in place of CFC-12 in automobile air conditioners. Hydrocarbon refrigerants (a propane/isobutane blend) were also used extensively in mobile air conditioning systems in Australia, the US and many other countries, as they had excellent thermodynamic properties and performed particularly well in high ...
Reclamation of used refrigerant by an EPA-certified reclaimer is required in order to sell used refrigerant not originating from and intended for use with motor vehicle air conditioners and stationary equipment like air conditioners, refrigerators, central air conditioning systems (HVAC), and other cooling equipment.
For a cyclic carbon skeleton, the prefixed capital letter "C" is used. For an oxygen-containing refrigerant (an ether), the prefixed capital letter "E" is used. [1]: §4 There are separate numbering schemes for zeotropic and azeotropic blends, organic chemicals which don't fit into the scheme above, and inorganic chemicals:
Soil is used in agriculture, where it serves as the anchor and primary nutrient base for plants. The types of soil and available moisture determine the species of plants that can be cultivated. Agricultural soil science was the primeval domain of soil knowledge, long time before the advent of pedology in the 19th century.