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Frail elderly patients (score of 4 or 5) have even worse outcomes, with the risk of being discharged to a nursing home rising to twenty times the rate for non-frail elderly people. Another tool that has been used to predict frailty outcome post-surgery is the Modifies Frailty Index, or mFI-5. This scale consists of 5 key co-morbidities: [62]
Weakness is a symptom of many different medical conditions. [1] The causes are many and can be divided into conditions that have true or perceived muscle weakness. True muscle weakness is a primary symptom of a variety of skeletal muscle diseases, including muscular dystrophy and inflammatory myopathy .
As a functional disorder, there is, by definition, no known disease process affecting the structure of the body, yet the person experiences symptoms relating to their body function. Symptoms of functional neurological disorders are clinically recognisable, but are not categorically associated with a definable organic disease. [1] [2]
Other symptoms that may occur during PEM include cognitive impairment, flu-like symptoms, pain, weakness, and trouble sleeping. [6] [4] Though typically cast as a worsening of existing symptoms, patients may experience some symptoms exclusively during PEM. [6] Patients often describe PEM as a "crash", "relapse", or "setback". [6]
[1] [2] Patients observe these symptoms and seek medical advice from healthcare professionals. Because most people are not diagnostically trained or knowledgeable, they typically describe their symptoms in layman's terms, rather than using specific medical terminology. This list is not exhaustive.
Post-exertional malaise (PEM) and exercise intolerance are common symptoms of post-acute infection syndromes. [5] Post-exertional malaise is a worsening of symptoms after minimal physical or mental activity, [6] and is a cardinal symptom of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). [7]
Signs and symptoms are also applied to physiological states outside the context of disease, as for example when referring to the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, or the symptoms of dehydration. Sometimes a disease may be present without showing any signs or symptoms when it is known as being asymptomatic . [ 13 ]
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) requires the additional symptoms of: post-exertional malaise (significantly worsening symptoms with activity which results in a significant reduction in daily activities, which may be delayed by up to 3 days) sleep dysfunction; either: cognitive problems, or; orthostatic intolerance.