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Robert Frank Mager [meɪgɜ:] (June 10, 1923 – May 23, 2020) was an American psychologist and author. Concerned with understanding and improving human performance, he is known for developing a framework for preparing learning objectives, and criterion referenced instruction (CRI), as well as addressing areas of goal orientation, student evaluation, student motivation, classroom environment ...
S.M.A.R.T. (or SMART) is an acronym used as a mnemonic device to establish criteria for effective goal-setting and objective development. This framework is commonly applied in various fields, including project management, employee performance management, and personal development.
Based initially on Drucker's management by objectives (MBO) model, a popular applied version of goal setting theory for business is the objectives and key results model (OKR). Originally developed at Intel by Andy Grove, [ 24 ] the tool was designed to set individual and collaborative goal team goals that are specific, concrete, challenging ...
Bloom's taxonomy is a framework for categorizing educational goals, developed by a committee of educators chaired by Benjamin Bloom in 1956. It was first introduced in the publication Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals.
The original version of Bloom's taxonomy (published in 1956) defined a cognitive domain in terms of six objectives.. B. F. Skinner's 1954 article "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching" suggested that effective instructional materials, called programmed instructional materials, should include small steps, frequent questions, and immediate feedback; and should allow self-pacing. [9]
The structure of observed learning outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy is a model that describes levels of increasing complexity in students' understanding of subjects. It was proposed by John B. Biggs and Kevin F. Collis. [1] The model consists of five levels of understanding: [2]
Understanding by Design, or UbD, is an educational theory for curriculum design of a school subject, where planners look at the desired outcomes at the end of the study in order to design curriculum units, performance assessments, and classroom instruction. [1]
Learning outcomes are then aligned to educational assessments, with the teaching and learning activities linking the two, a structure known as constructive alignment. [4] Writing good learning outcomes can also make use of the SMART criteria. Types of learning outcomes taxonomy include: Bloom's taxonomy; Structure of observed learning outcome ...