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For example, Venus has an effective temperature of approximately 226 K (−47 °C; −53 °F), but a surface temperature of 740 K (467 °C; 872 °F). [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Similarly, Earth has an effective temperature of 255 K (−18 °C; −1 °F), [ 14 ] but a surface temperature of about 288 K (15 °C; 59 °F) [ 15 ] due to the greenhouse effect in ...
The density at the surface is 65 kg/m 3 (4.1 lb/cu ft), 6.5% that of water [88] or 50 times as dense as Earth's atmosphere at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F) at sea level. The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).
At this height, the temperature is a manageable 75 °C (348 K; 167 °F). At 5 km (3.1 mi) higher, it is a temperate 27 °C (300 K; 81 °F) (see Atmosphere of Venus § Troposphere). The atmosphere also provides the various elements required for human life and agriculture: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. [5]
The early Earth during the Hadean eon is believed by most scientists to have had a Venus-like atmosphere, with roughly 100 bar of CO 2 and a surface temperature of 230 °C, and possibly even sulfuric acid clouds, until about 4.0 billion years ago, by which time plate tectonics were in full force and together with the early water oceans, removed ...
400 μcd/m 2 "Darkest sky" [5] 1 mcd/m 2: Night sky [6] 1.4 mcd/m 2: Typical photographic scene lit by full moon [7] 10 −2: 5 mcd/m 2: Approximate scotopic/mesopic threshold [8] 10 −1: 10 0: cd/m 2: 2 cd/m 2: Floodlit buildings, monuments, and fountains [9] 10 1: 5 cd/m 2: Approximate mesopic/photopic threshold [8] 25 cd/m 2: Typical ...
The first successful flyby Venus probe was the American Mariner 2 spacecraft, which flew past Venus in 1962, coming within 35,000 km. A modified Ranger Moon probe, it established that Venus has practically no intrinsic magnetic field and measured the temperature of the planet's atmosphere to be approximately 500 °C (773 K ; 932 °F ).
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This is a list of the hottest exoplanets so far discovered, specifically those with temperatures greater than 2,500 K (2,230 °C; 4,040 °F) for exoplanets irradiated by a nearby star and greater than 2,000 K (1,730 °C; 3,140 °F) for self-luminous exoplanets.