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The Swiss pine is a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. The mature size is typically between 25 metres (82 ft) and 35 metres (115 ft) in height, and the trunk diameter can be up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft).
The most infected needles are prematurely shed by December. Because the infected needles are within the interior of the tree, the newer needles on the outer surface of the pines are flushed green and resistant to the disease. However, the premature shedding of needles in the interior can extend outwards leading to a loss in overall growth.
The bristlecone pine's root system is mostly composed of highly branched, shallow roots, while a few large, branching roots provide structural support. The bristlecone pine is extremely drought tolerant due to its branched shallow root system, its waxy needles, and thick needle cuticles that aid in water retention. [8] Gnarled bristlecone pine wood
Deep water source cooling (DWSC) or deep water air cooling is a form of air cooling for process and comfort space cooling which uses a large body of naturally cold water as a heat sink. It uses water at 4 to 10 degrees Celsius drawn from deep areas within lakes, oceans, aquifers or rivers, which is pumped through the one side of a heat exchanger .
Casuarina equisetifolia, commonly known as coastal she-oak, horsetail she-oak, [3] ironwood, [4] beach sheoak, beach casuarina, whistling tree [5] or Australian pine [6] is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is native to Australia, New Guinea, Southeast Asia and India.
The wannigan served four meals a day [11] to fuel the men working in cold water. It also provided tents and blankets for the night if no better accommodations were available. [7] A commissary wagon carrying clothing, plug tobacco and patent medicines for purchase by the log drivers was also called a wangan.
As Priessnitz's experience grew, the procedures of his treatments became more precise and regular. To treat many diseases, he would wrap the patient in wet bandages and many layers of blankets to cause heavy perspiration from the heat. After several hours, the patient was then instructed to bathe in cold water, and also drink plenty of water. [13]
The mechanism from initial nematode infection to the resultant death of the pine tree is not fully understood. The ultimate death of the tree is caused by the nematode's inhibition of the uptake of water. Small air pockets created by the nematode lead to air embolisms in the xylem tissue which prevents water movement. [18]