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Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group. The naming of these compounds is governed by IUPAC nomenclature, which ensures systematic and consistent naming of chemicals. Numerous organic compounds have other common names, often originating in historical source material thereof.
Many carboxylic acids are produced industrially on a large scale. They are also frequently found in nature. Esters of fatty acids are the main components of lipids and polyamides of aminocarboxylic acids are the main components of proteins. Carboxylic acids are used in the production of polymers, pharmaceuticals, solvents, and food additives.
The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group –COOH. Sulfonic acids, containing the group –SO 2 OH, are relatively stronger acids. Alcohols, with –OH, can act as acids but they are usually very weak. The relative stability of the conjugate base of the acid determines its acidity.
Common Name Systematic Name Structural Formula Lipid Numbers Propionic acid: Propanoic acid CH 3 CH 2 COOH : C3:0 Butyric acid: Butanoic acid CH 3 (CH 2) 2 COOH : C4:0 Valeric acid
Formic acid is unique among the carboxylic acids in its ability to participate in addition reactions with alkenes. Formic acids and alkenes readily react to form formate esters . In the presence of certain acids, including sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids , however, a variant of the Koch reaction occurs instead, and formic acid adds to the ...
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are fatty acids of two to six carbon atoms. [1] The SCFAs' lower limit is interpreted differently, either with one, two, three or four carbon atoms. [ citation needed ] Derived from intestinal microbial fermentation of indigestible foods, SCFAs in human gut are acetic, propionic and butyric acid.
Alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids, or α-hydroxy carboxylic acids (AHAs), are a group of carboxylic acids featuring a hydroxy group located one carbon atom away from the acid group. This structural aspect distinguishes them from beta hydroxy acids , where the functional groups are separated by two carbon atoms. [ 1 ]
Pentadecylic acid, also known as pentadecanoic acid or C15:0, is an odd-chain saturated fatty acid.Its molecular formula is CH 3 (CH 2) 13 CO 2 H.It is a colorless solid. A laboratory preparation involves permanganate oxidation of 1-hexadecene (CH 3 (CH 2) 13 CH=CH 2).