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They also launched the Access to COVID-19 tools accelerator, a collaboration to accelerate the development and production of vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics for COVID-19. [ 79 ] On 27 April, the WHO warned about the pandemic's impact on health services, especially for children, particularly vaccination .
In 2020, the first COVID‑19 vaccines were developed and made available to the public through emergency authorizations [210] and conditional approvals. [211] [212] However, immunity from the vaccines was found to wane over time, requiring people to get booster doses of the vaccine to maintain protection against COVID‑19. [210]
COVID-19 surveillance involves monitoring the spread of the coronavirus disease in order to establish the patterns of disease progression. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends active surveillance , with focus of case finding, testing and contact tracing in all transmission scenarios. [ 1 ]
Yale researchers have found clues as to why certain people experience adverse health effects after the COVID-19 vaccine, which they have dubbed “post-vaccination syndrome."
A number of COVID‑19 vaccines began to become approved and available at scale in December 2020, with vaccinations beginning to ramp up at scale from the beginning of 2021, among them the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine, based on an adenovirus vector and internally termed AZD1222. [citation needed]
The COVID-19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the severity and death caused by COVID-19. [128] [129] As of March 2023, more than 5.5 billion people had received one or more doses [130] (11.8 billion in total) in over 197 countries. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was the most widely used. [131]
COVID-19 vaccine clinical research uses clinical research to establish the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines. These characteristics include efficacy , effectiveness , and safety. As of November 2022 [update] , 40 vaccines are authorized by at least one national regulatory authority for public use: [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
How COVID‑19 vaccines work. The video shows the process of vaccination, from injection with RNA or viral vector vaccines, to uptake and translation, and on to immune system stimulation and effect. Part of a series on the COVID-19 pandemic Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths ...