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The first translation by H.M. Parshley in 1953 of Simone de Beauvoir's 1949 book The Second Sex (Le Deuxième Sexe), has been much criticised. [17] A new translation by Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevalier appeared in 2009 and many critics felt it was a more accurate representation of de Beauvoir's text. [18]
Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. [1] In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).
The concept of transcreation was first developed by translators in India and Brazil in the mid-20th century. [2] In 1964, the Indian scholar Purushottama Lal wrote, regarding contemporary translations of the Sanskrit classics, that "the translator must edit, reconcile, and transmute; his job in many ways becomes largely a matter of transcreation". [1]
The criteria for judging the transparency of a translation appear more straightforward: an unidiomatic translation "sounds wrong" and, in extreme cases of word-for-word translation, often results in patent nonsense. Schleiermacher. Nevertheless, in certain contexts a translator may consciously seek to produce a literal translation.
In linguistics, a calque (/ k æ l k /) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation.When used as a verb, “to calque” means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language.
Überleben calques Latin supervivo (survive, literally "overlive", which is a synonym of survive) [69] Treppenwitz calques French l'esprit de l'escalier (staircase wit) herunterladen calques English download; Wochenende calques English week-end (which actually was first used as a foreign word, but now has been all but replaced by the calque)
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In his 1998 book The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference, Venuti states that "Domestication and foreignization deal with 'the question of how much a translation assimilates a foreign text to the translating language and culture, and how much it rather signals the differences of that text'".