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Diarrhea; Other names: Diarrhoea (or diarrhœa) An electron micrograph of rotavirus, the cause of nearly 40% of hospitalizations from diarrhea in children under five [1] Specialty: Infectious disease, gastroenterology: Symptoms: Loose frequent bowel movements, dehydration [2] Causes: Usually infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic) [2] Risk factors
Shigella results in about 165 million cases of diarrhea and 1.1 million deaths a year with nearly all cases in the developing world. [5] In areas with poor sanitation nearly half of cases of diarrhea are due to Entamoeba histolytica. [6] Entamoeba histolytica affects millions of people and results in more than 55,000 deaths a year. [12]
The differential diagnosis can be complicated somewhat if the person exhibits only vomiting or diarrhea (rather than both). [1] Appendicitis may present with vomiting, abdominal pain, and a small amount of diarrhea in up to 33% of cases. [1] This is in contrast to the large amount of diarrhea that is typical of gastroenteritis. [1]
Incontinence can result from different causes and might occur with either constipation or diarrhea. Continence is maintained by several interrelated factors, including the anal sampling mechanism , and incontinence usually results from a deficiency of multiple mechanisms.
The stress response in the body involves the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) and the sympathetic nervous system, both of which have been shown to operate abnormally in people with IBS. Psychiatric illness or anxiety precedes IBS symptoms in two-thirds of people with IBS, and psychological traits predispose previously healthy ...
Main causes of fecal–oral disease transmission include lack of adequate sanitation (leading to open defecation), and poor hygiene practices. If soil or water bodies are polluted with fecal material, humans can be infected with waterborne diseases or soil-transmitted diseases. Fecal contamination of food is another form of fecal-oral transmission.
Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection caused by bacteria of the Salmonella type. [1] It is the most common disease to be known as food poisoning (though the name refers to food-borne illness in general), these are defined as diseases, usually either infectious or toxic in nature, caused by agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food.
Outbreaks of rotavirus A diarrhoea are common among hospitalised infants, young children attending day care centres, and elderly people in nursing homes. [75] [135] An outbreak caused by contaminated municipal water occurred in Colorado in 1981. [136] During 2005, the largest recorded epidemic of diarrhoea occurred in Nicaragua.