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Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, [1] is a fundamental materials science and engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength , breaking strength , maximum elongation and reduction in area. [ 2 ]
The ultimate tensile strength of a material is an intensive property; therefore its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen.However, depending on the material, it may be dependent on other factors, such as the preparation of the specimen, the presence or otherwise of surface defects, and the temperature of the test environment and material.
The strength of a material is defined as the maximum stress that can be endured before fracture occurs. Strength of biomaterials (bioceramics) is an important mechanical property because they are brittle. In brittle materials like bioceramics, cracks easily propagate when the material is subject to tensile loading, unlike compressive loading.
Consisting of mainly protein, silks are about a sixth of the density of steel (1.3 g/cm 3). As a result, a strand long enough to circle the Earth would weigh about 2 kilograms (4.4 lb). (Spider dragline silk has a tensile strength of roughly 1.3 GPa.
Compressive strength is a limit state of compressive stress that leads to failure in a material in the manner of ductile failure (infinite theoretical yield) or brittle failure (rupture as the result of crack propagation, or sliding along a weak plane – see shear strength). Tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength is a limit state of ...
Yield strength testing involves taking a small sample with a fixed cross-section area and then pulling it with a controlled, gradually increasing force until the sample changes shape or breaks. This is called a tensile test. Longitudinal and/or transverse strain is recorded using mechanical or optical extensometers.
It is a generalized form of tensile testing in which the material sample is simultaneously stressed along two perpendicular axes. Typical materials tested in biaxial configuration include metal sheets , [ 1 ] silicone elastomers , [ 2 ] composites , [ 3 ] thin films , [ 4 ] textiles [ 5 ] and biological soft tissues .
Studies on the abalone shell illustrate its unique structural adaptations, sacrificing tensile strength perpendicular to its structure to enhance strength parallel to the tile arrangement. The Weibull modulus of abalone nacre samples [15] is determined to be 1.8, indicating a moderate degree of variability in strength among specimens.