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Some lipids are held together by ester bonds; some are huge aggregates of small molecules held together by hydrophobic interactions. Carbohydrates carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Polyester, plastics made of polymeric ester; Oligoester, a polymeric ester made of small number of ester monomers; Polyolester, an ester that is a synthetic oil used in refrigeration compressors; Thioester; Transesterification; Ether lipid, an ester that is a lipid and an ether; Acylal ((R 1 −C(=O)−O−)(R 2 −C(=O)−O−)CH−R 3)
Esterases cleave ester bonds in lipids and phosphatases cleave phosphate groups off molecules. An example of crucial esterase is acetylcholine esterase , which assists in transforming the neuron impulse into the acetate group after the hydrolase breaks the acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid . [ 1 ]
Cholesteryl oleate, a member of the cholesteryl ester family. Cholesteryl esters are a type of dietary lipid and are ester derivatives of cholesterol. The ester bond is formed between the carboxylate group of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of cholesterol. Cholesteryl esters have a lower solubility in water due to their increased ...
However, additional molecular interactions may render the amide form less stable; the amino group is expelled instead, resulting in an ester (Ser/Thr) or thioester (Cys) bond in place of the peptide bond. This chemical reaction is called an N-O acyl shift. The ester/thioester bond can be resolved in several ways:
Polysacharides consist of glycosidic bonds, which take a hemiacetal of a saccharide and binds it to an alcohol via loss of water. Proteins are made from amino acids, which contain various functional groups. [7] These amino acids come together again through condensation reactions to form peptide bonds, which consist of amide functional groups. [7]
Biomolecules include large macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as vitamins and hormones. A general name for this class of material is biological materials. Biomolecules are an important element of living organisms.
M phase See mitosis. macromolecule Any very large molecule composed of dozens, hundreds, or thousands of covalently bonded atoms, especially one with biological significance. . Many important biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, are polymers consisting of a repeated series of smaller monomers; others such as lipids and carbohydrates may not be polymeric but are nevertheless large ...