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Stages of play is a theory and classification of children's participation in play developed by Mildred Parten Newhall in her 1929 dissertation. [1] Parten observed American preschool age (ages 2 to 5) children at free play (defined as anything unrelated to survival, production or profit). Parten recognized six different types of play:
Play is a range of intrinsically motivated activities done for recreation. [1] Play is commonly associated with children and juvenile-level activities, but may be engaged in at any life stage, and among other higher-functioning animals as well, most notably mammals and birds.
The format of the approach was to establish rapport, recreate the stress-evoking situation, play out the situation and then free play to recover. Directive play therapy is guided by the notion that using directives to guide the child through play will cause a faster change than is generated by nondirective play therapy.
Learning through play is a term used in education and psychology to describe how a child can learn to make sense of the world around them. Through play children can develop social and cognitive skills, mature emotionally, and gain the self-confidence required to engage in new experiences and environments.
A 1994 paper found more involved teaching can lead to better psychological gains for students than a more passive approach. [9] A 2014 study found over 50 picture books about show and tell. [2] Show and tell has been criticized for the amount of time it takes, monotony, and for penalizing shy students. [10]
Research also demonstrates spillover effects of the Perry program on the children and siblings of the original participants. [11] A study concludes, "The children of treated participants have fewer school suspensions, higher levels of education and employment, and lower levels of participation in crime, compared with the children of untreated ...
Most forms of play are essential for healthy development, but free, spontaneous play—the kind that occurs on playgrounds—is the most beneficial type of play. Exciting, engaging and challenging playground equipment is important to keep children happy while still developing their learning abilities.
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