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2. French orthography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_orthography

   French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.It is based on a combination of phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of Old French c. 1100 –1200 AD, and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years.

3. Reforms of French orthography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforms_of_French_orthography

   Spelling and punctuation before the 16th century was highly erratic, but the introduction of printing in 1470 provoked the need for uniformity.. Several Renaissance humanists (working with publishers) proposed reforms in French orthography, the most famous being Jacques Peletier du Mans who developed a phonemic-based spelling system and introduced new typographic signs (1550).

4. L'Officiel du jeu Scrabble - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Officiel_du_jeu_Scrabble

   1990 : Publication of the ODS 1, replacing the Petit Larousse Illustré (PLI), used as a reference by players until then.; 1994 : Publication of the ODS 2, with 1500 new entries, correcting the few mistakes and omissions of the previous version.

5. Duployan shorthand - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duployan_shorthand

   The Duployan shorthand, or Duployan stenography (French: Sténographie Duployé), was created by Father Émile Duployé in 1860 for writing French.Since then, it has been expanded and adapted for writing English, German, Spanish, Romanian, Latin, Danish, [citation needed] and Chinook Jargon. [2]

6. Orthographic transcription - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_transcription

   Orthographic transcription is a transcription method that employs the standard spelling system of each target language. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Examples of orthographic transcription are "Pushkin" and "Pouchkine", respectively the English and French orthographic transcriptions of the surname "Пу́шкин" in the name Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин ...

7. Transcription (linguistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)

   Systems for orthographic transcription, by contrast, consist of rules for mapping spoken words onto written forms as prescribed by the orthography of a given language. Phonetic transcription operates with specially defined character sets, usually the International Phonetic Alphabet .

8. Eau (trigraph) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)

   In English, eau only exists in words borrowed from French, and so is pronounced similarly in almost all cases (like in plateau, bureau).Exceptions include beauty and words derived from it, where it is pronounced /juː/, bureaucrat where it is pronounced /ə/, bureaucracy where it is pronounced /ɒ/, [4] and (in some contexts) the proper names Beaulieu and Beauchamp (as /juː/ and /iː ...

9. Phonemic orthography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_orthography

   A phonemic orthography is an orthography (system for writing a language) in which the graphemes (written symbols) correspond consistently to the language's phonemes (the smallest units of speech that can differentiate words), or more generally to the language's diaphonemes.