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The term Friedmann equation sometimes is used only for the first equation. [3] In these equations, R(t) is the cosmological scale factor, is the Newtonian constant of gravitation, Λ is the cosmological constant with dimension length −2, ρ is the energy density and p is the isotropic pressure.
A scale factor is usually a decimal which scales, or multiplies, some quantity. In the equation y = Cx, C is the scale factor for x. C is also the coefficient of x, and may be called the constant of proportionality of y to x. For example, doubling distances corresponds to a scale factor of two for distance, while cutting a cake in half results ...
Conversion of units is the conversion of the unit of measurement in which a quantity is expressed, typically through a multiplicative conversion factor that changes the unit without changing the quantity. This is also often loosely taken to include replacement of a quantity with a corresponding quantity that describes the same physical property.
Also known as the cosmic scale factor or sometimes the Robertson–Walker scale factor, [1] this is a key parameter of the Friedmann equations. In the early stages of the Big Bang , most of the energy was in the form of radiation, and that radiation was the dominant influence on the expansion of the universe.
10.16 cm = 1.016 dm – 1 hand used in measuring height of horses (4 inches) 12 cm = 1.2 dm – diameter of a compact disc (CD) (= 120 mm) 15 cm = 1.5 dm – length of a Bic pen with cap on; 22 cm = 2.2 dm – diameter of a typical association football (soccer ball) 30 cm = 3 dm – typical school-use ruler length (= 300 mm)
Metric prefixes; Text Symbol Factor or; yotta Y 10 24: 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000: zetta Z 10 21: 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000: exa E 10 18: 1 000 000 000 000 000 000: peta P 10 15: 1 000 000 000 000 000: tera T
A ruler, depicting two customary units of length, the centimeter and the inch A unit of length refers to any arbitrarily chosen and accepted reference standard for measurement of length. The most common units in modern use are the metric units , used in every country globally.
Scale analysis rules as follows: Rule1-First step in scale analysis is to define the domain of extent in which we apply scale analysis. Any scale analysis of a flow region that is not uniquely defined is not valid. Rule2-One equation constitutes an equivalence between the scales of two dominant terms appearing in the equation. For example,