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The muscle which can 'cancel' or to some degree reverse the action of the muscle. Muscle synergies are noted in parentheses when relevant. O (Occurrences) Number of times that the named muscle row occurs in a standard human body. Here it may also be denoted when a given muscles only occurs in a male or a female body.
Acting via the Achilles tendon, the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles cause plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle. This action brings the sole of the foot closer to the back of the leg. The gastrocnemius also flexes the leg at the knee. Both muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve. [14]
A tendon is made of dense regular connective tissue, whose main cellular components are special fibroblasts called tendon cells (tenocytes). [3] Tendon cells synthesize the tendon's extracellular matrix, which abounds with densely-packed collagen fibers. The collagen fibers run parallel to each other and are grouped into fascicles.
The olecranon is situated at the proximal end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. [1] When the hand faces forward the olecranon faces towards the back (posteriorly). It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus during extension of the forearm. [2] [3]
The superior extensor retinaculum binds down the tendons of extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius, and tibialis anterior as they descend on the front of the tibia and fibula; under it are found also the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve. [1]
The leg muscles acting on the foot are called the extrinsic foot muscles whilst the foot muscles located in the foot are called intrinsic. [28] Dorsiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion occur around the transverse axis running through the ankle joint from the tip of the medial malleolus to the tip of the lateral malleolus.
The fibularis longus also tilts the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body . Because of the angle at which it crosses the sole of the foot, it plays an important role in maintaining the transverse arch of the foot. [2] Together, the fibularis muscles help to steady the leg upon the foot, especially in standing on one leg. [2]
The three tendons, from front to back, that conjoin to form the pes anserinus come from the sartorius muscle, the gracilis muscle, and the semitendinosus muscle. [1] [2] It inserts onto the proximal anteromedial surface of the tibia. [2] The pes anserinus is around 5 cm below the medial tibial joint line. [2]