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Wood-plastic composite. Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are composite materials made of wood fiber/wood flour and thermoplastic(s) such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or polylactic acid (PLA). In addition to wood fiber and plastic, WPCs can also contain other ligno-cellulosic and/or inorganic filler materials.
The main functions of wood in the composite material are weight reduction, reduction of thermal conductivity [1] [2] and the fixture function [3] whereas the main functions of geopolymer are bonding of wood particles, improvement of fire resistance, [4] providing mechanical strength, [5] improvement of humidity resistance and protection against fungal and insect damages.
Composite materials are also becoming more common in the realm of orthopedic surgery, [42] and it is the most common hockey stick material. Carbon composite is a key material in today's launch vehicles and heat shields for the re-entry phase of spacecraft. It is widely used in solar panel substrates, antenna reflectors and yokes of spacecraft.
Void content in composites is represented as a ratio, also called void ratio, where the volume of voids, solid material, and bulk volume are taken into account.Void ratio can be calculated by the formula below where e is the void ratio of the composite, V v is the volume of the voids, and V t is the volume of the bulk material.
The fraction of fiber reinforcement is very important in determining the overall mechanical properties of a composite. A higher fiber volume fraction typically results in better mechanical properties of the composite. [2] Calculating the volume of fiber ratio in a composite is relatively simple.
In recent years, interest in wood, or lumber, has increased because less energy is needed to convert trees into wood than what is required by other building materials. [3] Although wood does have advantages over other building materials, it also has major disadvantages. Wood swells in high humidity and shrinks when the air is dry. [4]
Composite deck boards are sold in either grooved or solid sided versions. The grooved composite board is fastened with hidden deck fasteners or clips, while the solid board is typically face-screwed. Most composite deck board manufacturers produce lengths of 12, 16, or 20 feet (3.7, 4.9, or 6.1 m), 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 3 ⁄ 4 inch (140 mm × 19 mm).
There are several types of 3D woven fabrics that are commercially available; they can be classified according to their weaving technique. [7]3D woven interlock fabrics, are 3D woven fabrics produced on a traditional 2D weaving loom, using proper weave design and techniques, it could either have the weaver/z-yarn going through all the thickness of the fabric or from layer to layer.