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Surface anatomy. Surface projections of the major organs of the trunk, using the vertebral column and rib cage as main reference points of surface anatomy. Surface anatomy (also called superficial anatomy and visual anatomy) is the study of the external features of the body of an animal. [1] In birds, this is termed topography.
The thorax (pl.: thoraces or thoraxes) [1] or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. [2][3] In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the creature's body, each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments.
The bony skeletal part of the thoracic wall is the rib cage, and the rest is made up of muscle, skin, and fasciae.. The chest wall has 10 layers, namely (from superficial to deep) skin (epidermis and dermis), superficial fascia, deep fascia and the invested extrinsic muscles (from the upper limbs), intrinsic muscles associated with the ribs (three layers of intercostal muscles), endothoracic ...
The sternum is a narrow, flat bone, forming the middle portion of the front of the chest. The top of the sternum supports the clavicles (collarbones) and its edges join with the costal cartilages of the first two pairs of ribs. The inner surface of the sternum is also the attachment of the sternopericardial ligaments. [ 2 ]
The sternal angle is a palpable and visible landmark in surface anatomy, presenting as either a slight body ridge or depression upon the upper chest wall which corresponds to the underlying manubriosternal joint. [4] The sternal angle is palpable and often visible in young people. [2]: 319. The sternal angle corresponds to the level of the 2nd ...
Thoracic diaphragm. The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (/ ˈdaɪəfræm /; [1] Ancient Greek: διάφραγμα, romanized: diáphragma, lit. 'partition'), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle [2] in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the most important muscle of ...
The mediastinal surface of the left lung has a large cardiac impression where the heart sits. This is deeper and larger than that on the right lung, at which level the heart projects to the left. [5] On the same surface, immediately above the hilum, is a well-marked curved groove for the aortic arch, and a groove below it for the descending aorta.
Costal margin. Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages. (The costal margin forms a large upside-down V on the inferior border.) The costal margin, also known as the costal arch, [1] is the lower edge of the chest (thorax) formed by the bottom edge of the rib cage.
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