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Option (1) leads to the dark matter hypothesis; option (2) leads to MOND. The majority of astronomers, astrophysicists, and cosmologists accept dark matter as the explanation for galactic rotation curves (based on general relativity, and hence Newtonian mechanics), and are committed to a dark matter solution of the missing-mass problem. [19]
The third component, the dark matter, was detected indirectly by the gravitational lensing of background objects. In theories without dark matter, such as modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), the lensing would be expected to follow the baryonic matter; i.e. the X-ray gas. However, the lensing is strongest in two separated regions near (possibly ...
Dark radiation – Postulated type of radiation that mediates interactions of dark matter; Massive gravity – Theory of gravity in which the graviton has nonzero mass; Unparticle physics – Speculative theory that conjectures a form of matter that cannot be explained in terms of particles; Experiments
This could, for example, treat dark energy and dark matter as different facets of the same unknown substance, [56] or postulate that cold dark matter decays into dark energy. [57] Another class of theories that unifies dark matter and dark energy are suggested to be covariant theories of modified gravities.
For those theories that incorporate or aim to replace dark energy, the supernova brightness results and the age of the universe can be used as tests. Another test is the flatness of the universe. With general relativity, the combination of baryonic matter, dark matter and dark energy add up to make the universe exactly flat.
Milgrom, McGaugh, and Kroupa have criticized the dark matter portions of the theory from the perspective of galaxy formation models and supporting the alternative modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) theory, which requires a modification of the Einstein field equations and the Friedmann equations as seen in proposals such as modified gravity ...
Scalar–tensor–vector gravity (STVG) [1] is a modified theory of gravity developed by John Moffat, a researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario. The theory is also often referred to by the acronym MOG ( MO dified G ravity ).
Brownstein and Moffat [8] use a theory of modified gravity to explain X-ray cluster masses without dark matter. Observations of the Bullet Cluster are the strongest evidence for the existence of dark matter; [9] [10] [11] however, Brownstein and Moffat [12] have shown that their modified gravity theory can also account for the properties of the ...