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Clostridium species are endospore-forming bacteria, and can survive in atmospheric concentrations of oxygen in this dormant form. The remaining bacteria listed do not form endospores. [5] Several species of the Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, and Rhodococcus genera are examples of obligate anaerobe found in soil. [10]
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative bacteria which oxidize sugars or ethanol and produce acetic acid during fermentation. [1] The acetic acid bacteria consist of 10 genera in the family Acetobacteraceae. [1] Several species of acetic acid bacteria are used in industry for production of certain foods and chemicals. [1]
In the process, ATP and organic end products (e.g., lactate) are formed. Because oxygen is not required, it is an alternative to aerobic respiration. Over 25% of bacteria and archaea carry out fermentation. [2] [3] They live in the gut, sediments, food, and other environments. Eukaryotes, including humans and other animals, also carry out ...
Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation is considered an anaerobic process.
[5] [6] Two examples of obligate anaerobes are Clostridium botulinum and the bacteria which live near hydrothermal vents on the deep-sea ocean floor. Aerotolerant organisms, which cannot use oxygen for growth, but tolerate its presence. [7] Facultative anaerobes, which can grow without oxygen but use oxygen if it is present. [7]
It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid, and therefore is known as a polyextremophile. The Guinness Book Of World Records listed it in January 1998 [1] as the world's most radiation-resistant bacterium or lifeform. [2] However the archaea Thermococcus gammatolerans is actually the most resistant organism to radiation.
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.
Some bacteria transfer genetic material between cells. This can occur in three main ways. First, bacteria can take up exogenous DNA from their environment in a process called transformation. [141] Many bacteria can naturally take up DNA from the environment, while others must be chemically altered in order to induce them to take up DNA. [142]