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A station box is a term in the construction industry: It describes a box-like underground structure for a transportation system, for example a metro or tube station. [1] Station boxes are built in two methods – "top-down" or "bottom-up". In the "bottom-up" method, a chamber as large as the station structure is dug into the ground into which ...
Framing (construction) Framing side by side units. The erection of a wooden frame in Sabah, Malaysia. Framing, in construction, is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and shape. [1] Framing materials are usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel. The alternative to framed construction is generally called mass ...
The top members of a truss are known generically as the top chord, bottom members as the bottom chord, and the interior members as webs. In historic carpentry the top chords are often called rafters, and the bottom chord is often referred to as a tie beam. There are two main types of timber roof trusses: closed, in which the bottom chord is ...
Top–down methods were favored in software engineering until the late 1980s, [3] and object-oriented programming assisted in demonstrating the idea that both aspects of top-down and bottom-up programming could be used. Modern software design approaches usually combine top–down and bottom–up approaches. Although an understanding of the ...
Top: wattle and daub, bottom: rubblestone The earliest known type of infill, called opus craticum by the Romans, was a wattle and daub type construction. [ 5 ] Opus craticum is now confusingly applied to a Roman stone/mortar infill as well.
A T-beam (or tee beam), used in construction, is a load-bearing structure of reinforced concrete, wood or metal, with a capital 'T'-shaped cross section. The top of the T-shaped cross section serves as a flange or compression member in resisting compressive stresses. The web (vertical section) of the beam below the compression flange serves to ...
Schematic cross section of a pressurized caisson. In geotechnical engineering, a caisson (/ ˈ k eɪ s ən,-s ɒ n /; borrowed from French caisson 'box', from Italian cassone 'large box', an augmentative of cassa) is a watertight retaining structure [1] used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, [2] or for the repair of ships.
In structural engineering, the open web steel joist (OWSJ) is a lightweight steel truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel chords and a triangulated web system, proportioned to span between bearing points. The main function of an OWSJ is to provide direct support for roof or floor deck and to transfer the load imposed on the deck to ...