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Wu Zhao: China's Only Woman Emperor. Pearson Education. Shu-fang Dien, Dora (2003). Empress Wu Zetian in Fiction and in History: Female Defiance in Confucian China. Nova Publishing. Explores the life of Empress Wu Zetian and the ways women found to participate in public life, despite the societal constraints of dynastic China.
The master of the Roman world affected to copy the manners and dress of the female sex, preferring the distaff to the sceptre, and dishonored the principal dignities of the empire by distributing them among his numerous lovers; one of whom was publicly invested with the title and authority of the emperor's, or, as he more properly styled ...
The word emperor (from Latin: imperator, via Old French: empereor) [1] can mean the male ruler of an empire. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/grand empress dowager), or a woman who rules in her own right and name (empress regnant or suo jure).
From the 6th century there was a growing ideal of gender segregation, which dictated that women should wear veils [16] and only be seen in public when attending church, [17] and while the ideal was never fully enforced, it influenced society.The laws of emperor Justinian I made it legal for a man to divorce his wife for attending public ...
The female equivalent of a king is a queen regnant, and a consort is queen consort, from the Germanic *kwoeniz, or *kwenon, "wife"; cognate of Greek γυνή, gynē, "woman"; from PIE *gʷḗn, "woman". Regardless of a ruler's sex, their realm is known as a kingdom. Rex, Latin for king, the feminine form is Regina.
Emperor Naruhito has also admitted the family is running out of male heirs. [38] Shigeru Ishiba who became the Japanese prime minister on October 1, 2024, is known to support a female emperor (Josei Tennō) [39] The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, had requested the succession laws be looked at.
Tennō (天皇, lit. "heavenly emperor") or Kōtei (皇帝, lit. "emperor") – Unlike European languages, in East Asia, the titles of female monarchs can also be abbreviated as "king" or "emperor", much like their male counterparts. However, to avoid confusion with male monarchs, they are usually referred to as "female king" or "female emperor".
Consorts were usually given the Latin title of augusta (Greek: αὐγούστα, augoústa), the female form of the title augustus. Insofar as augustus is understood as meaning "emperor", then a given woman could not become "empress" until being named augusta. [1] However, not all consorts were given the title by their husbands.