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The first step when using the direct stiffness method is to identify the individual elements which make up the structure. Once the elements are identified, the structure is disconnected at the nodes, the points which connect the different elements together. Each element is then analyzed individually to develop member stiffness equations.
Guillotine cutting is the process of producing small rectangular items of fixed dimensions from a given large rectangular sheet, using only guillotine-cuts. A guillotine-cut (also called an edge-to-edge cut) is a straight bisecting line going from one edge of an existing rectangle to the opposite edge, similarly to a paper guillotine.
In finite-dimensional spaces, the matrix representation (with respect to an orthonormal basis) of an orthogonal transformation is an orthogonal matrix. Its rows are mutually orthogonal vectors with unit norm, so that the rows constitute an orthonormal basis of V. The columns of the matrix form another orthonormal basis of V.
Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap. Steel has been made for millennia, and was commercialized on a massive scale in the 1850s and 1860s, using the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes. Two major commercial processes are used.
Electron-beam machining (EBM) is a process where high-velocity electrons concentrated into a narrow beam that are directed towards the work piece, creating heat and vaporizing the material. EBM can be used for very precise cutting or boring of a wide variety of metals.
Machining is a manufacturing process where a desired shape or part is created using the controlled removal of material, most often metal, from a larger piece of raw material by cutting. Machining is a form of subtractive manufacturing , [ 1 ] which utilizes machine tools , in contrast to additive manufacturing (e.g. 3D printing ), which uses ...
The cutting edge of a cutting tool is a very important for the performance of the cutting process. The main features of the cutting edge are: form of the cutting edge: radius or waterfall or trumpet (reverse waterfall) cutting edge angles; form and size of the chamfers; The measurement of the cutting edge is performed using a tactile instrument ...
Chip formation is part of the process of cutting materials by mechanical means, using tools such as saws, lathes and milling cutters.. The formal study of chip formation was encouraged around World War II and shortly afterwards, with increases in the use of faster and more powerful cutting machines, particularly for metal cutting with the new high speed steel cutters.