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The costs of paying the bonus is still an agency cost, [4] but the company will profit from paying this cost so long as the avoided residual cost (as defined above), is greater than the bonus. [21] Another key method by which agency costs are reduced is through legislative requirements that companies undertake audits of their financial ...
In economic theory, the principal-agent approach (also called agency theory) is part of the field contract theory. [36] [37] In agency theory, it is typically assumed that complete contracts can be written, an assumption also made in mechanism design theory. Hence, there are no restrictions on the class of feasible contractual arrangements ...
Likewise, in finance literature, the acknowledgment of information asymmetry between organizations challenged the Modigliani–Miller theorem, which states that the valuation of a firm is unaffected by its financial structure. It challenges the theorem as one of the key assumptions is that investors would have the same information as a corporation.
The trade-off theory of capital structure is the idea that a company chooses how much debt finance and how much equity finance to use by balancing the costs and benefits. The classical version of the hypothesis goes back to Kraus and Litzenberger [ 1 ] who considered a balance between the dead-weight costs of bankruptcy and the tax saving ...
The theory of the firm consists of a number of economic theories that explain and predict the nature of the firm, company, or corporation, including its existence, ...
Weak agency relationship between shareholders, members, boards etc. Nowadays, there are several articles and essays on how to accomplish a proper entrenched management exercise without hurting shareholders, yet not abuse them–for example–when a board of directives is given the power to take corporate decisions in certain matters, where the ...
Contract theory in economics began with 1991 Nobel Laureate Ronald H. Coase's 1937 article "The Nature of the Firm". Coase notes that "the longer the duration of a contract regarding the supply of goods or services due to the difficulty of forecasting, then the less likely and less appropriate it is for the buyer to specify what the other party should do."
External finance (debt) is more costly than internal finance (equity) unless it is fully collateralized, by which agency costs disappear as a result of guaranteed full repayment. The premium on external finance increases with the amount of finance required but given a fixed amount of finance required, premium inversely varies with the borrower ...