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Imperfect competition. In economics, imperfect competition refers to a situation where the characteristics of an economic market do not fulfil all the necessary conditions of a perfectly competitive market. Imperfect competition causes market inefficiencies, resulting in market failure. [1] Imperfect competition usually describes behaviour of ...
v. t. e. In economics, specifically general equilibrium theory, a perfect market, also known as an atomistic market, is defined by several idealizing conditions, collectively called perfect competition, or atomistic competition. In theoretical models where conditions of perfect competition hold, it has been demonstrated that a market will reach ...
Market failure. While factories and refineries provide jobs and wages, they are also an example of a market failure, as they impose negative externalities on the surrounding region via their airborne pollutants. In neoclassical economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not Pareto ...
X-inefficiency is a concept used in economics to describe instances where firms go through internal inefficiency resulting in higher production costs than required for a given output. This inefficiency is a result of various factors such as outdated technology, inefficient production processes, poor management and lack of competition resulting ...
In welfare economics, the theory of the second best (also known as the general theory of second best or the second best theorem) [1] concerns the situation when one or more optimality conditions cannot be satisfied. The economists Richard Lipsey and Kelvin Lancaster showed in 1956, that if one optimality condition in an economic model cannot be ...
In a free market, market failure is defined as an inefficient allocation of resources. Due to the fact that it is feasible to improve, market failure implies Pareto inefficiency. For example, excessive consumption of depreciating items (drugs/tobacco) results in external costs to non-smokers, as well as premature death for smokers who do not quit.
Free-rider problem. In economics, the free-rider problem is a type of market failure that occurs when those who benefit from resources, public goods and common pool resources do not pay for them [1] or under-pay. Examples of such goods are public roads or public libraries or other services or utilities of a communal nature.
Incomplete markets. In economics, incomplete markets are markets in which there does not exist an Arrow–Debreu security for every possible state of nature. [1] In contrast with complete markets, this shortage of securities will likely restrict individuals from transferring the desired level of wealth among states.