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A typical evaporative, forced draft open-loop cooling tower rejecting heat from the condenser water loop of an industrial chiller unit Natural draft wet cooling hyperboloid towers at Didcot Power Station (UK) Forced draft wet cooling towers (height: 34 meters) and natural draft wet cooling tower (height: 122 meters) in Westphalia, Germany Natural draft wet cooling tower in Dresden (Germany)
Several short blowdown events remove sludge more effectively than a single continuous blowdown. Shorter blowdown events cause less significant changes in boiler water level, and are safer during periods of high steam demand. [5] Bottom blowdown piping drains the lowest parts of the boiler so it can be used to drain the boiler for servicing.
For arid climates with a great wet-bulb depression, cooling towers can provide enough cooling during summer design conditions to be net zero. For example, a 371 m 2 (4,000 ft 2 ) retail store in Tucson, Arizona with a sensible heat gain of 29.3 kJ/h (100,000 Btu/h) can be cooled entirely by two passive cooling towers providing 11890 m 3 /h ...
Blowdown from several systems may be combined in a blowdown header prior to the stack. A knock-out pot may be provided at the base of the stack to remove any liquids. Blowdown stacks may either be ignited (like a flare) or un-ignited (a ‘cold’ vent). The height of the blowdown stack must be tall enough to ensure the safe dispersal of vapour.
Water is inexpensive, non-toxic, and available over most of the earth's surface.Liquid cooling offers higher thermal conductivity than air cooling. Water has unusually high specific heat capacity among commonly available liquids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure allowing efficient heat transfer over distance with low rates of mass transfer.
Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building ...
The number of transfer units (NTU) method is used to calculate the rate of heat transfer in heat exchangers (especially parallel flow, counter current, and cross-flow exchangers) when there is insufficient information to calculate the log mean temperature difference (LMTD).
Blowdown or Blowing down may refer to: Windthrow or forest blowdown, a felling of trees by windstorm; Blowdown stack, a vertical containment structure at a refinery or chemical plant; Blowdown, a process plant controlled or emergency depressurization; Boiler blowdown, a steam-boiler process to remove impurities