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Phospholipase D is an important player in many physiological processes, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization, receptor-mediated endocytosis, exocytosis, and cell migration. [8] Through these processes, it has been further implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases : in particular the progression of Parkinson's ...
Phospholipase cleavage sites. An enzyme that displays both PLA 1 and PLA 2 activities is called a phospholipase B. A phospholipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids [1] into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. There are four major classes, termed A, B, C, and D, which are distinguished by the type of reaction which they catalyze:
N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the release of N-acylethanolamine (NAE) from N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). This is a major part of the process that converts ordinary lipids into chemical signals like anandamide and oleoylethanolamine .
Cholesterol is a cell signaling molecule that is highly regulated in eukaryotic cell membranes. [1] [2] [3] In human health, its effects are most notable in inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegeneration. [4]
Phospholipase D2 is a well-defined example of an enzyme activated by substrate presentation. [28] The enzyme is palmitoylated causing the enzyme to traffic to cholesterol dependent lipid domains sometimes called "lipid rafts". The substrate of phospholipase D is phosphatidylcholine (PC) which is unsaturated and is of low abundance in lipid rafts.
Phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific phospholipase D is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GPLD1 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Many proteins are tethered to the extracellular face of eukaryotic plasma membranes by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor.
Your cholesterol levels, good or bad, serve as an indicator of heart health. But, a recent study shows that if your levels are consistently all over the place, you may be at greater risk for ...
For example, palmitoylation of phospholipase D (PLD) sequesters the enzyme away from its substrate phosphatidylcholine. When cholesterol levels decrease or PIP2 levels increase the palmitate mediated localization is disrupted, the enzyme trafficks to PIP2 where it encounters its substrate and is active by substrate presentation. [18] [19] [20]