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Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), also known as alpha-gal allergy or mammalian meat allergy (MMA), [1] is a type of acquired allergy characterized by a delayed onset of symptoms (3–8 hours) after ingesting mammalian meat. The condition results from past exposure to certain tick bites and was first reported in 2002.
Galactose-α-1,3-galactose, commonly known as alpha gal and the Galili antigen, is a carbohydrate found in most mammalian cell membranes. It is not found in catarrhines , [ 1 ] including humans, who have lost the glycoprotein alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase ( GGTA1 ) gene.
α-Galactosidase ( EC 3.2.1.22, α-GAL, α-GAL A; systematic name α-D-galactoside galactohydrolase) is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that catalyses the following reaction: [1] Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing α- D -galactose residues in α- D -galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactolipids
For infants with DG who showed elevated galactose metabolites at diagnosis, this test can be used to see if the child's ability to process galactose has improved. [citation needed] For example, to test galactose metabolism, a baseline Gal-1P level is measured while the child is on a galactose-restricted diet.
This galactose molecule is called the H antigen. [28] [29] [30] Blood type A, B, AB, and O differ only in the sugar (red molecule in the illustration) linked with the penultimate galactose. For blood type B, this linked sugar is an α-1‐3‐linked galactose. Using α-GAL, this terminal galactose molecule can be removed, converting RBC to type O.
The lack of alpha-galactosidase leads to Fabry disease. A deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A (a-GAL A, encoded by GLA ) due to mutation causes a glycolipid known as globotriaosylceramide (abbreviated as Gb3, GL-3, or ceramide trihexoside) to accumulate within the blood vessels , other tissues, and organs. [ 11 ]
Intermediates and enzymes in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism [5] In the first step, galactose mutarotase facilitates the conversion of β-D-galactose to α-D-galactose since this is the active form in the pathway. Next, α-D-galactose is phosphorylated by galactokinase to galactose 1-phosphate.
A segment of galactomannan showing mannose backbone (below) with a branching galactose unit (top) Galactomannans are polysaccharides consisting of a mannose backbone with galactose side groups, more specifically, a (1-4)-linked beta-D-mannopyranose backbone with branchpoints from their 6-positions linked to alpha-D-galactose, (i.e. 1-6-linked alpha-D-galactopyranose).