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Performance-enhancing substances (PESs), also known as performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), [1] are substances that are used to improve any form of activity performance in humans. Many substances, such as anabolic steroids , can be used to improve athletic performance and build muscle, which in most cases is considered cheating by organized ...
This measure has a false positive rate of 15-20% (which is slightly higher in women than men) and a false negative rate of 20–30%. [1] ST depression may be associated with subendocardial myocardial infarction, hypokalemia, or digitalis toxicity. [2]
When both the heart and lungs are healthy, pulmonary wedge pressure is equal to left ventricle diastolic pressure and can be used as a surrogate for preload. [3] Pulmonary wedge pressure will overestimate left ventricle pressure in people with mitral valve stenosis , pulmonary hypertension and other heart and lung conditions.
The goal of pediatric early warning systems is to alert staff to deterioration in pediatric patients at the earliest possibility to quickly intervene and improve mortality rates. [22] It is based on the idea that using objective clinical indicators and risk assessment tools will improve communication and improve patient care, however, there is ...
This sinus rhythm is important because it ensures that the heart's atria reliably contract before the ventricles, ensuring as optimal stroke volume and cardiac output. [ 4 ] In junctional rhythm, however, the sinoatrial node does not control the heart's rhythm – this can happen in the case of a block in conduction somewhere along the pathway ...
In vertebrates, the circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the body. [1] [2] It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek kardia meaning heart, and Latin vascula meaning vessels).
The cardiovascular examination is a portion of the physical examination that involves evaluation of the cardiovascular system. The exact contents of the examination will vary depending on the presenting complaint but a complete examination will involve the heart (cardiac examination), lungs (pulmonary examination), belly (abdominal examination) and the blood vessels (peripheral vascular ...
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure consisting of chest compressions often combined with artificial ventilation, or mouth to mouth in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest.