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Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation process which conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a constant frequency carrier wave.The modulation is accomplished by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a precise time.
Barker code used in BPSK modulation In wireless communications, sequences are usually chosen for their spectral properties and for low cross correlation with other sequences likely to interfere. In the 802.11 standard, an 11-chip Barker sequence is used for the 1 and 2 Mbit/s rates.
(CF c is 3.01 dB for the sine waves used for BPSK and QPSK modulation). For example, the DVB-T signal in 2K mode is composed of 1705 subcarriers that are each QPSK-modulated, giving a crest factor of 35.32 dB. [29] Many PAPR (or crest factor) reduction techniques have been developed, for instance, based on iterative clipping. [30]
For BPSK, n = 2; the symbols appear inverted or not. Differential encoding prevents inversion of the signal and symbols, respectively, from affecting the data. Assuming that x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} is a bit intended for transmission and y i − 1 {\displaystyle y_{i-1}} was the symbol just transmitted, then the symbol to be transmitted for x ...
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Power spectral density of MSK, BPSK, and QPSK. The side-lobes of MSK are lower (−23 dB) than in both BPSK and QPSK cases (−10 dB). Therefore, the inter-channel interference is lower in MSK case. Moreover, the main lobe of the MSK signal is wider, which means more energy in the null-to-null bandwidth.
An example of binary FSK. Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is encoded on a carrier signal by periodically shifting the frequency of the carrier between several discrete frequencies. [1]
A constellation diagram for rectangular 16-QAM The constellation as received, with noise added Spectrum analyzer software using different views to show a QAM 4096 constellation diagram The number of constellation points in a diagram gives the size of the "alphabet" of symbols that can be transmitted by each sample, and so determines the number ...
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