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The Pandya empire included extensive territories, at times including large portions of south India and Sri Lanka. The rule of the empire was shared among several royals, one of them enjoying primacy over the rest. The Pandya king at Madurai thus controlled these vast regions through the collateral family branches subject to Madurai. [9] [90]
The Early Pandyas of the Sangam period were one of the three main kingdoms of the Tamilakam (southern India), the other two being the Cholas, and Cheras dynasty. As with many other kingdoms around this period (earlier than 200 BCE), most of the information about the Early Pandyas come to modern historians mainly through literary sources and some epigraphic, archaeological and numismatic evidence.
Vettuvan Koil in Kalugumalai, Pandyan architecture, 8th century CE. The Pandyan empire is believed to have first emerged circa 600 BC and was one of the leading Tamil dynasties of Southern India. [1] There were various forms of art and many architectural communities within the empire, and their work was sold to overseas markets. [2]
The head of the government was the king, a hereditary monarch, who ruled with unaided discretion. [1] The ascension to the throne was normally hereditary, sometimes through usurpation and occasionally based on unusual methods of choosing a king such as sending out the royal elephant to select a person of its choice by garlanding them.
Before the early 14th-century rise of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Indian-Hindu states of the Deccan, the Yadava Empire of Devagiri, the Kakatiya Kingdom of Warangal, the Pandyan Empire of Madurai, and the tiny kingdom of Kampili had been repeatedly invaded by Muslims from the north, and by 1336 they had all been defeated by Alauddin Khalji and ...
The Tamil society during the early Pandyan age had several class distinctions among the people, which were different from the Vedic classification of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. [1] The highest class below the king, among the Tamils, was the Arivar or the sages.
Azhagan Perumal Parakrama Pandyan (1473–1506 CE) Kulasekara Pandyan (1479–1499 CE) Cataiyavarman Civallappa Pandyan (1534–1543 CE) Parakrama Kulasekara Pandyan (1543–1552 CE) Nelveli Maran (1552–1564 CE) Cataiyavarman Adiveerama Pandyan (1564–1604 CE) Varathunga Pandyan (1588–1612 CE) Varakunarama Pandyan (1613–1618 CE)
Chola Purva Patayam ("Ancient Chola Record"), a Tamil language manuscript of uncertain date, contains a legend about the divine origin of the three crowned kings. According to it, the Shramana king Shalivahana (also known as Bhoja in this story) defeated Vikramaditya , and started persecuting the worshipers of Shiva and Vishnu .