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A tonne of coal equivalent (tce), sometimes ton of coal equivalent, is a conventional value, based on the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of coal. Plural name is tonnes of coal equivalent. Per the World Coal Association: 1 tonne of coal equivalent (tce) corresponds to 0.697 tonne of oil equivalent (toe) [29]
Huge amounts of coal ash and other waste is produced annually. Use of coal generates hundreds of millions of tons of ash and other waste products every year. These include fly ash, bottom ash, and flue-gas desulfurization sludge, that contain mercury, uranium, thorium, arsenic, and other heavy metals, along with non-metals such as selenium. [139]
The short ton (abbreviation tn [1]) is a measurement unit equal to 2,000 pounds (907.18 kg). It is commonly used in the United States , where it is known simply as a ton; [ 1 ] however, the term is ambiguous, the single word " ton " being variously used for short, long , and metric tons.
Total US coal production, 1870–2018 Historical coal production of different countries. Coal mining is an industry in transition in the United States. Production in 2019 was down 40% from the peak production of 1,171.8 million short tons (1,063 million metric tons) in 2008. Employment of 43,000 coal miners is down from a peak of 883,000 in ...
Coal refuse (also described as coal waste, rock, slag, coal tailings, waste material, rock bank, culm, boney, or gob [1]) is the material left over from coal mining, usually as tailings piles or spoil tips.
In the Karrick process, 1 short ton of coal yields up to 1 barrel of oils and coal tars (12% by weight), and produces 3,000 cubic feet (85 m 3) of rich coal gas and 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of solid smokeless char or semi-coke (for one metric ton, 0.175 m 3 of oils and coal tars, 95 m 3 of gas, and 750 kg of semi-coke).
The cost of transporting coal may be around $20/ton for trains, or $5–6/ton for barge and truck. [27] [28] A 2015 study by a consortium of environmental organizations concluded that US Government subsidies for coal production are around $8/ton for the Powder River Basin. [29]
Coal production by region. This is a list of countries by coal production ranking countries with coal production larger than 5 million tonnes as of 2023.
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