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Plant anatomy or phytotomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants. Originally, it included plant morphology , the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, but since the mid-20th century, plant anatomy has been considered a separate field referring only to internal plant structure.
Phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants. [1] This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, [1] which is the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level. [2] Plant morphology is useful in the visual identification of plants.
Diagram of a typical drupe (in this case, a peach), showing both fruit and seed A schematic picture of an orange hesperidium A segment of an orange that has been opened to show the pulp (juice vesicles) of the endocarp. Fruit anatomy is the plant anatomy of the internal structure of fruit.
Medium-scale diagram of leaf internal anatomy. Small-scale features ... animals, and abrasion from surrounding foliage and plant structures. Overall leaves are ...
The wax layers give some plants a whitish or bluish surface color. Surface wax acts as a moisture barrier and protects the plant from intense sunlight and wind. [5] Diagram of fine scale leaf internal anatomy. The epidermal tissue includes several differentiated cell types: epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs
In most plants, stems are located above the soil surface, but some plants have underground stems. Stems have several main functions: [3] Support for and the elevation of leaves, flowers, and fruits. The stems keep the leaves in the light and provide a place for the plant to keep its flowers and fruits.
Plants then needed a robust internal structure that held long narrow channels for transporting water from the soil to all the different parts of the above-soil plant, especially to the parts where photosynthesis occurred. During the Silurian, CO 2 was readily available, so little water needed expending to acquire it.
Although plant morphology (the external form) is integrated with plant anatomy (the internal form), the former became the basis of the taxonomic description of plants that exists today, due to the few tools required to observe. [2] [3] Many of these terms date back to the earliest herbalists and botanists, including Theophrastus.