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The intercepting sewers, constructed between 1859 and 1865, were fed by 450 miles (720 km) of main sewers that, in turn, conveyed the contents of some 13,000 miles (21,000 km) of smaller local sewers. Construction of the interceptor system required 318 million bricks, 2.7 × 10 6 cubic metres (9.5 × 10 7 cu ft) of excavated earth and 670,000 ...
Sewers north of the Thames feed into the Northern Outfall Sewer, which fed into a major treatment works at Beckton. South of the river, the Southern Outfall Sewer extended to a similar facility at Crossness. With only minor modifications, Bazalgette's engineering achievement remains the basis for sewerage design up into the present day. [89]
Sir Joseph William Bazalgette CB (/ ˈ b æ z əl dʒ ɛ t /; 28 March 1819 – 15 March 1891) was an English civil engineer.As Chief Engineer of London's Metropolitan Board of Works, his major achievement was the creation of a sewerage system for central London, in response to the Great Stink of 1858, which was instrumental in relieving the city of cholera epidemics, while beginning to clean ...
Bazalgette's Northern Outfall Sewer under construction. The Southern Outfall Sewer is a major sewer taking sewage from the southern area of central London to Crossness in south-east London. Flows from three interceptory sewers combine at a pumping station in Deptford and then run under Greenwich, Woolwich, Plumstead and across Erith marshes.
In total, five interceptor sewers were constructed north of the Thames. Three were built by Bazalgette, and two were added 30 years later: The northernmost (Northern High Level Sewer) begins on Hampstead Hill and is routed past Kentish Town and Stoke Newington and under Victoria Park to the start of the Northern Outfall Sewer at Wick Lane.
A force main or rising main [8] is a pumped sewer that may be necessary where gravity sewers serve areas at lower elevations than the sewage treatment plant, or distant areas at similar elevations. A lift station is a sewer sump that lifts accumulated sewage to a higher elevation.
Pressure sewers enable properties constructed below the nearest gravity main to connect to the local sewerage system avoiding the need for a septic tank or cesspit. [ 4 ] In areas where washouts or earthquakes are common, conventional earthenware or cast iron sewerage system may be prone to breakage and leakage.
The main components of a vacuum sewer system are a collection chambers and vacuum valve parts, sewers, a central vacuum station and monitoring and control components. Some vacuum systems have vacuum toilets which are connected directly to a vacuum line, which requires less water for flushing (less than a quarter of a liter per flush). [4]