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Verbs and prepositional phrases can be negated by the particle ما mā / ma either on its own or, in South Levantine, together with the suffix ـش -iš at the end of the verb or prepositional phrase.
There are three tenses in Arabic: the past tense (اَلْمَاضِي al-māḍī), the present tense (اَلْمُضَارِع al-muḍāriʿ) and the future tense.The future tense in Classical Arabic is formed by adding either the prefix سَـ sa-or the separate word سَوْفَ sawfa onto the beginning of the present tense verb, e.g. سَيَكْتُبُ sa-yaktubu or ...
Since Arabic lacks a verb meaning "to have", constructions using li-, ‘inda, and ma‘a with the pronominal suffixes are used to describe possession. For example: عنده بيت (ʿindahu bayt) – literally: At him (is) a house. → He has a house. For the negation of Arabic verbs, see Negation in Arabic.
The lexicon of Levantine is overwhelmingly Arabic. [3] Many words, such as verbal nouns (also called gerunds or masdar [4]) are derived from a verb root.For instance مدرسة madrase 'school', from درس daras 'to study, to learn'.
The prefix is /b/ or /bi/ in Egyptian Arabic and Levantine Arabic, but /ka/ or /ta/ in Moroccan Arabic. It is not infrequent to encounter /ħa/ as an indicative prefix in some Persian Gulf states; and, in South Arabian Arabic (viz. Yemen), /ʕa/ is used in the north around the San'aa region, and /ʃa/ is used in the southwest region of Ta'iz.
Levantine Arabic, also called Shami (autonym: شامي, šāmi or اللهجة الشامية, el-lahje š-šāmiyye), is an Arabic variety spoken in the Levant, namely in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel and southern Turkey (historically only in Adana, Mersin and Hatay provinces).
North African, Egyptian, and some Levantine Arabic varieties negate verbs using a circumfix—a combination of the prefix ma-and the suffix -ʃ. This, for example, is the negative paradigm of the verb كَتَبَ kataba "he wrote" in Algerian Arabic:
These dialects are transitional between the Aleppine and the Coastal and Central dialects. [5] They are characterized by *q > ʔ, ʾimāla of the type the type sāfaṛ/ysēfer [2] and ṣālaḥ/yṣēliḥ, [5] diphthongs in every position, [5] [2] a- elision (katab +t > ktabt, but katab +it > katabit), [2] išṛab type perfect, [2] ʾimāla in reflexes of *CāʔiC, and vocabulary such as ...