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Pashto employs the Pashto alphabet, a modified form of the Perso-Arabic alphabet or Arabic script. [106] In the 16th century, Bayazid Pir Roshan introduced 13 new letters to the Pashto alphabet. The alphabet was further modified over the years. The Pashto alphabet consists of 45 to 46 letters [107] and 4 diacritic marks. Latin Pashto is also used.
Dari is spoken by over 75% of the population in Afghanistan, followed by Pashto 48%, Uzbek 11%, English 6%, Turkmen 3%, Urdu 3%, Pashayi 1%, Nuristani 1%, Arabic 1%, and Balochi 1% (2020 est). Data represents the most widely-spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents ...
The Afghan standard is currently dominant due to the lack and negative treatment of Pashto education in Pakistan. Most writers use mixed orthography combining elements of both standards. In Pakistan, Pashto speakers who are not literate in their mother tongue often use Urdu alphabets. The main differences between the two are as follows: [12] [13]
The differences between the standard varieties of Pashto are primarily phonological, and there are simple conversion rules. [12] The morphological differences between the standard varieties are very few and unimportant. Two of the key phonemes whose pronunciation vary between the different Pashto dialects are ښ and ږ.
Pashto has a large number of dialects: generally divided into Northern, Southern and Central groups; [256] and also Tarino or Waṇetsi as distinct group. [257] [258] As Elfenbein notes: "Dialect differences lie primarily in phonology and lexicon: the morphology and syntax are, again with the exception of Wanetsi, quite remarkably uniform". [259]
Balochi and Pashto are written in Perso-Arabic script. The Shahmukhī script , a variant of the Urdu alphabet , is used to write the Punjabi language in Pakistan. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters, Roman Urdu , omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin ...
The most significant differences between rural Arabic and non-rural Arabic are in syntax. The sedentary varieties in particular share a number of common innovations from CA. [ specify ] This has led to the suggestion, first articulated by Charles Ferguson , that a simplified koiné language developed in the army staging camps in Iraq, whence ...
Between the 9th century and up to 1249 [13] when the Arabs were expelled from the Algarve, Portuguese acquired words (between 400 and 600 estimate [14]) from Arabic by influence of Moorish Iberia. Although the native population spoke the Lusitanian- Mozarabic , they kept some Mozarabic-derived words.