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A toddler is a child approximately 1 to 3 years old, though definitions vary. [1] [2] [3] The toddler years are a time of great cognitive, emotional and social development. The word is derived from "to toddle", which means to walk unsteadily, like a child of this age. [4]
Early childhood development is the period of rapid physical, psychological and social growth and change that begins before birth and extends into early childhood. [1] While early childhood is not well defined, one source asserts that the early years begin in utero and last until 3 years of age. [1]
The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities has been used in many different research studies: ". . . use to evaluate the effects of nutritional supplements given to nursing mothers on the development of the nursing infants, the effects of air-pollution on children's cognitive developments, and the effects of early intervention on the cognitive development of preterm infants."
In the first 3 years, children need to be exposed to communication with others in order to pick up language. "Normal" language development is measured by the rate of vocabulary acquisition. [21] Cognitive skills: the way in which a child organizes information. Cognitive skills include problem solving, creativity, imagination and memory. [22]
Moreover, Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at the centre of the human organism, and language is contingent on knowledge and understanding acquired through cognitive development. [6] Piaget's earlier work received the greatest attention. Child-centred classrooms and "open education" are direct applications of Piaget's views. [7]
The development of memory in children becomes evident within the first 2 to 3 years of a child's life as they show considerable advances in declarative memory. This enhancement continues into adolescence with major developments in short term memory , working memory , long-term memory and autobiographical memory .
Between 2 and 3 years of age, the child is able to refer to themself as "me", combine nouns and verbs, use short sentences, use some simple plurals, answer "where" questions, and has a vocabulary of about 450 words. [130] By age 4, children are able to use sentences of 4–5 words and have a vocabulary of about 1000 words. [130]
Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory describes four major stages from birth through puberty, the last of which starts at 12 years and has no terminating age: [11] Sensorimotor: (birth to 2 years), Preoperations: (2 to 7 years), Concrete operations: (7 to 11 years), and Formal Operations: (from 12 years). Each stage has at least two ...