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Canister filters were initially designed to filter drinking water, under low pressure. Canister filters for aquariums [17] use high water pressure, from a properly powered pump, to force water through the dense filter media. A pump can draw water from an under-gravel filter, and run it into a canister for double filtration.
All RAS relies on biofiltration to convert ammonia (NH 4 + and NH 3) excreted by the fish into nitrate. [4] Ammonia is a waste product of fish metabolism and high concentrations (>.02 mg/L) are toxic to most finfish. [5] Nitrifying bacteria are chemoautotrophs that convert ammonia into nitrite then nitrate.
Nitrates should not exceed 2 ppm in reef tanks, or 20 ppm in fish-only tanks. It is sometimes acceptable to have a small amount of nitrate buildup, as some livestock, especially fish, are fairly tolerant of nitrate. Most corals, while able to assimilate nitrate, cannot be expected to survive, much less thrive, with high nitrate concentrations.
The source of ammonia in fish tanks is fish's excretion. [1] Fish excrete ammonia as a nitrogenous waste product. A build-up of ammonia in the fish tank leads to ammonia poisoning. Species of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) can break down the ammonia and convert it to other, less toxic, nitrogen products.
While high nitrate levels in drinking water can cause blue baby syndrome, a condition that can be fatal to infants 6 months and younger if not treated, some studies also have linked even moderate ...
A reef aquarium or reef tank is a marine aquarium that prominently displays live corals and other marine invertebrates as well as fish that play a role in maintaining the tropical coral reef environment. A reef aquarium requires appropriately intense lighting, turbulent water movement, and more stable water chemistry than fish-only marine ...
Climate-driven extreme weather conditions, such as droughts and intense precipitation, may be accelerating the pace at which toxic nitrates are polluting groundwater, a recent study has found.
"In the U.S., at least with the prevalence of high-powered firearms compared to other nations, I suspect that rammings will remain a small share of incidents," Fox said.
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