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The Pakistani rupee depreciated against the US dollar until around the start of the 21st century, when Pakistan's large current-account surplus pushed the value of the rupee up versus the dollar. Pakistan's central bank then stabilized by lowering interest rates and buying dollars, in order to preserve the country's export competitiveness.
US Dollar (37) Euro (28) Composite (8) Other (9) No separate legal tender (16) Ecuador El Salvador Marshall Islands Micronesia Palau Panama Timor-Leste Andorra Monaco San Marino Vatican City Kosovo Montenegro Kiribati Nauru Tuvalu; Currency board (11) Djibouti Hong Kong ; ECCU Antigua and Barbuda Dominica
[45] [46] Meanwhile, the largest purchase of US dollars in the history of 1976 [47] was when the West German government achieved an almost 3 billion dollar acquisition (a figure is given as 2.75 billion in total by The Statesman: Volume 18 1974). This event indicated the impossibility of balancing of exchange rates by the measures of control ...
Pakistan owes US$7.541 billion to Paris Club, US$38.813 billion to multilateral donors, US$7.596 billion to International Monetary Fund, and US$7.8 billion to international bonds such as Eurobonds, and Sukuks. [14] According to a report by AidData, Pakistan's total external debt owed to China amounted to $68.91 billion as of November 2023. [13]
The bank is engaged in several global partnerships and initiatives, and takes a role in working toward addressing climate change. The World Bank hosts an Open Knowledge Repository for its publications. In 2020, the World Bank's total commitments amounted to USD 77.1 billion, it had 12,300 full-time staff, and it operated in 145 countries. [5]
For example 150,000,000 (one hundred and fifty million) rupees is written as "fifteen crore rupees", "₹ 15 crore". [1] In the abbreviated form, usage such as "₹ 15 cr" is common. [3] Trillions (in the short scale) of money are often written or spoken of in terms of lakh crore. For example, one trillion rupees is equivalent to: ₹ 1 lakh ...
In November 2016, China announced an additional $8.5 billion investment in Pakistan, with $4.5 billion allocated to upgrading Pakistan's main railway line from Karachi to Peshawar, including improvements to tracks, speed, and signaling, and $4 billion directed towards an LNG terminal and transmission lines to alleviate energy shortages. [68]
China is Australia's largest trading partner (AUD 120 billion in 2013) and in March 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) signed the 3-year RMB Bilateral Swap Agreement with the PBoC worth RMB200bn. 18 February 2014, the Australian Securities Exchange Limited ("ASX") and BoC signed an agreement for clearing and settlement in RMB (in Australia).