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  2. Electron-withdrawing group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-withdrawing_group

    An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.

  3. Electrophilic aromatic directing groups - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic...

    An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.

  4. Captodative effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captodative_effect

    Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]

  5. Hammett equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_equation

    This is attributed to the resonance contribution of the EWG to withdraw electron density thereby increasing the susceptibility for nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon. A change in rate occurs when X is EDG, as is evidenced when comparing the rates between X = Me and X = OMe, and nonlinearity is observed in the Hammett plot.

  6. Republican Rep. Victoria Spartz says she won't join GOP ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/republican-rep-victoria-spartz...

    U.S. Rep. Victoria Spartz, R-Ind., announced this week she will not participate in the House Republican Conference and its committees during her upcoming term. "We have to govern for a change, and ...

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  8. EWG Releases New "Dirty Dozen" Guide to Food Additives - AOL

    www.aol.com/food/ewg-releases-new-dirty-dozen...

    You may be familiar with the Environmental Working Group (EWG) because they release a list of the most pesticide-filled produce every year called The Dirty Dozen. They also establish the produce ...

  9. Electronic effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_effect

    An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect. [1] In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule.