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Letharia vulpina, commonly known as the wolf lichen (although the species name vulpina, from vulpine relates to the fox), is a fruticose lichenized species of fungus in the family Parmeliaceae. It is bright yellow-green, shrubby and highly branched, and grows on the bark of living and dead conifers in parts of western and continental Europe and ...
Letharia columbiana (common name brown-eye wolf lichen) is a common lichen in subalpine forests, particularly in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, and parts of Canada. [1] It is in the family Parmeliaceae, and the genus Letharia. Its characteristics include a bright citron color, “brown-eyes”, and rounded, irregular branches. [2]
Letharia is a genus of fruticose lichens belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. [2]There were historically two species of Letharia: L. vulpina and L. columbiana. [3] Recent molecular sequence studies published in 2016 confirm at least 6 species in Western North America alone, with more expected to be confirmed using similar methods in other parts of the world.
With the exception of calicioid lichens, lichen growth forms are based on the appearance of the thallus, which is the vegetative (non-reproductive) part of the lichen. [5] In most species, this form is determined by the lichen's fungal partner, though in a small number, it is instead the alga or cyanobacteria (the lichen's photosynthetic ...
Lichen growth forms are used to group lichens by "vegetative" thallus types, and forms of "non-vegetative" reproductive parts. Some lichen thalli have the aspect of leaves (foliose lichens); others cover the substrate like a crust (crustose lichens) ( illustration, right ), others such as the genus Ramalina adopt shrubby forms (fruticose ...
The English word lichen derives from the Greek λειχήν leichēn ("tree moss, lichen, lichen-like eruption on skin") via Latin lichen. [27] [28] [29] The Greek noun, which literally means "licker", derives from the verb λείχειν leichein, "to lick". [30] [31] In American English, "lichen" is pronounced the same as the verb "liken ...
Also cladoniform lichen, dimorphic lichen. Also defined: primary thallus and secondary thallus . A lichen with a two-fold growth form that includes both a crustose , squamulose , or foliose form and a fruticose form; the thallus differentiates into both horizontal (primary thallus) and vertical (secondary thallus, or podetium ) structures.
The map lichen (Rhizocarpon geographicum), the lichen most used in lichenometry. Lichenometry can provide dates for glacial deposits in tundra environments, lake level changes, glacial moraines, trim lines, palaeofloods, [9] rockfalls, seismic events associated with the rockfalls, [2] talus stabilization and former extent of permafrost or very persistent snow cover. [10]